a positive trendP = 0.056
DQ by regional factors and individual characteristics 1) Regional education status The positive association between regional education and DQ in metropolitan cities was consistently observed in metropolitan city residents aged 40–59 years ( P < 0.001) and those dwelling in multiple-person households ( P = 0.001), while a positive trend was observed in residents with higher personal education status ( P = 0.056; Supplementary Table 3 ).