The healthy-like EF probability for the WM training group increased substantially from 14.6 % at baseline to 40.2 % at follow-up ( p < 0.001), with a highly significant group × time interaction ( p < 0.001; Supplementary Table S10, Figure S8).
Under worst-case assumptions (mean improvement rate of completers - 1 SD; details in Supplementary Methods), core findings remained intact despite attenuated effects: near-transfer effects persisted for both tasks (Supplementary Table S10, Table S12-S13), the group × time interaction for general psychopathology remained significant (Supplementary Table S12-S13), and the healthy-like EF probability for the WM training group increased from 14.6 % at baseline to 21.3 % at follow-up with marginal significance ( p = 0.057; Supplementary Table S10, Figure S8).