Trends and patterns of global health risk factors (2015-2019): a composite index approach across 100 countries stratified by human development index groups.

J Health Popul Nutr · 2025 · PMC12514834 · PMID 41076528

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Despite the relatively low prevalence of tobacco consumption, many LMICs are not making progress in curbing alcohol and tobacco consumption, showing an increasing trend [ 6 , 7 ].

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