highly significantP < 0.05
Results Comparison of sE-cadherin, tPSA, fPSA, p2PSA levels, and PHI between BPH and PCa groups The PCa group shows significantly higher levels of sE-cadherin, tPSA, p2PSA, and PHI compared to the BPH group, which suggests that these biomarkers are elevated in prostate cancer patients.The fPSA levels, although slightly higher in the PCa group, show a smaller difference compared to the other markers.Overall, the biomarkers, especially PHI, provide a strong differentiation between BPH and prostate cancer patients, with all p-values being highly significant (P < 0.05). as shown in Table 1 .