Development of a serum protein biomarker panel for the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using a machine learning approach.

Statistical significance was determined using predefined thresholds: * p -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, suggesting the results were unlikely to occur by chance; ** p -value < 0.01 indicated high significance, providing stronger evidence against the null hypothesis; *** p -value < 0.001 was considered strongly significant, reflecting very high confidence in the results; and p-value ≤ 0.0001 was considered extremely significant, indicating exceptional statistical certainty.

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