Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of topically applied <i>Citrullus colocynthis</i> extract in type 2 diabetes: A clinical and phytochemical study.

2 , increasing the extract concentration from 25 μL to 100 μL led to an increasing trend of TPC and TFC values (TPC covered between about 110 mg GAE/g and 155 mg GAE/g; TFC between about 35 mg QE/g and 55 mg QE/g), confirming that C. colocynthis fruit is a rich source of bioactive phenolic and flavonoids compounds, known to contribute to its therapeutic properties, including as antioxidant and antidiabetic agent.

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colocynthis extract demonstrated significant metal chelating activity, with a decreasing trend as extract concentration increased, as shown in Fig. 5 .

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