highly significantp < 0.001
Epimedium brevicornu showed highly significant differences in the stomatal area compared to E. davidii (mean difference = 261.01, p < 0.001), E. fangii (mean difference = 252.50, p < 0.001), and E. franchetii (mean difference = 218.51, p < 0.001), but exhibited minor differences with E. sagittatum and E. stellulatum ( p ≥ 0.05).