Prospective Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Brachial Plexus Nerve Block During the Perioperative Period in Long-Term Opioid Users Undergoing Upper Extremity Surgery - A Case Series.

Liposomal bupivacaine was initially deemed superior in terms of clinical effectiveness; 34 however, recent research suggests its clinical advantages may not be significant. 35 , 36 Analgesic adjuvants, such as opioids, α2-agonists, NMDA receptor antagonists, and other agents, are being explored to enhance and extend anesthetic and analgesic effects. 37 As our understanding of nociceptive processes in the PNS grows, innovative techniques for advancing pain management are expected to emerge.

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