highly significantp < 0.001
Statistical differences among groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant, p < 0.01 highly significant, and p < 0.001 extremely significant. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Preparation and phase composition of Sr-Doped calcium silicate coatings This study employed sol-gel EPD to fabricate a strontium-doped calcium silicate (Sr-CaSiO 3 ) coating on a titanium substrate ( Figure 1 ).