extremely significantp ≤ 0.008
The statistical strength of the relationship between number of spike/m2 of broomrape and the reduction in various faba bean yield and yield components traits (R2>0.5 in all cases, most exceeding 0.85), extremely significant p-values ( p ≤ 0.008), and biological plausibility combine to prove that broomrape spike density is a primary determinant of yield reduction in faba bean, primarily through its impact on pod number.