Dynamic Regulation of Gonadal Transposons and Pseudogenes via PIWI/piRNA Pathway in Gynogenetic Japanese Flounder (<i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>).

Across the developmental stages, the number of piRNA clusters showed a decreasing trend, with substantial clusters detected only during early embryogenesis (Stages 1–2) ( Figure 4 a).

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Statistical significance was assessed by an independent-samples t -test, with p < 0.05 considered significant (*) and p < 0.01 considered highly significant (**). qRT-PCR primers were designed using Primer5 and listed in Table S1 .

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