Genetic Gains and Field Validation of Synthetic Populations in Tropical Maize Using Selection Indexes and REML/BLUP.

In contrast, flowering traits (female and male flowering, FF and MF), plant height (PH), and ear height (EH) exhibited negligible gains across all indexes, indicating limited selection pressure or unfavorable correlations with the main selection target (grain yield) suggesting a favorable trend toward more compact plants, which is desirable in tropical environments for lodging resistance and mechanical harvesting.

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