When emotion meets reason: the development and validation of EpiCT-CI scale to measure epistemic emotions in critical thinking application and cultural identity constructions.

Front Psychol · 2025 · PMC12568516 · PMID 41169918

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Bartlett’s test of sphericity remained highly significant, χ 2 (528) = 6,481.942, p < 0.001.

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