Global burden of vision impairment due to smoking-related cataract: A descriptive study of spatiotemporal trends based on GBD secondary data and projections to 2050.

Tob Induc Dis · 2025 · PMC12579110 · PMID 41180462

Europe PMC DOI

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

If β <0 and the upper limit of the 95% CI <0, the burden was considered to have a decreasing trend.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

The direction of the trend was determined based on the value of β and its 95% confidence interval (CI): If β >0 and the lower limit of the 95% CI >0, the burden was considered to have an increasing trend.

also in 63,971 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.