highly significantP < 0.001
The number of spermatocytes was lowest in the Heat Control group, showing a highly significant reduction compared to Control at day 30 ( P < 0.001), while the Niacin 1 and Niacin 2 groups exhibited significantly increased spermatocyte counts relative to Heat Control at both time points ( P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), with Niacin 2 displaying the highest counts at day 30.