marginally significantp <0.05
Response efficacy had a significant positive impact ( β = 0.470, p <0.001); perceived threat also exerted a significant positive effect ( β = 0.289, p <0.001); response cost showed a significant negative influence ( β = −0.156, p <0.001); and self-efficacy exhibited a marginally significant positive association ( β = 0.092, p <0.05).