Multimodal Analgesia for Cardiothoracic Procedures: Nonpharmacological and Alternative Pain Management Techniques: Part 2.

Formal studies in cardiac surgery are sparse; however, cryoablation has been shown to be effective in pain control for patients undergoing open thoracic abdominal aneurysm repair.[ 66 ] In patients undergoing cardiac surgery via the minimally invasive or minithoracotomy approach, the pain may be significant even though the incision is smaller than a traditional sternotomy.

also in 13,097 other papers