Enhanced artificial satellite search algorithm with memory and evolutionary operator for PID controller parameter estimation.

While MEASSA’s performance advantage is most pronounced and highly significant (p ~ 1e-4) against simpler algorithms like SCA, GWO, and its predecessor ASSA, it also maintains a clear and statistically significant edge (p < 0.05) over its closest competitors, mJS and PSO-ACO, which show the smallest yet still definitive p-values (p ~ 1e-2 to 1e-3).

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