highly significantP < 0.001
EC showed highly significant concentration-dependent increases ( P < 0.001).
EC showed highly significant concentration-dependent increases ( P < 0.001).
While soil pH showed an increasing trend from 6.5 ± 0.0 to 8.8 ± 1.4 at 7 days and from 5.8 ± 0.6 to 8.8 ± 0.6 at 21 days across the concentration gradient, differences between treatments were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05), likely reflecting the buffering capacity of the desert soil matrix (Fig. 1 B).