Association between depression and heart failure: A meta-analysis of cohort studies with 2.6 million participants.

3 Given the heightened prevalence of lifestyle-related illnesses globally in the modern era, there seems to be an increasing trend of HF in the coming decades. 4 While there have been advancements in imaging modalities and the emergence of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for HF, 5 survival remains poor and about one in three patients does not survive within the first year of diagnosis. 6 Long-term mortality rates (>1 year) are also high reaching up to 22% for acute HF. 7 Owing to the high risk of mortality, modifiable prognostic factors must be identified which can be targeted to reduce the incidence of HF.

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There was no change in the significance of results based on prevalence of depression (>10% or <10%) but subgroup analysis of studies with >10% incidence of HF showed marginally non-significant results.

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