Rethinking Resting Heart Rate Variability: No Evidence of Association With Self-Regulation and Psychopathology in a Cross-Sectional Study Among Adolescents in Colombia, Nepal, and South Africa.

Age and Autonomic Nervous System Developmental Trajectory A notable trend in our sample of adolescents aged 13–15 is that HRV was higher in South Africa, where the majority of the sample identified as Black (Mean RMSSD = 59.92 ms), a pattern previously observed in African American samples (Hill et al. 2015 ; Watanabe, Tyra, et al. 2025 ).

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