β-adrenergic signaling blockade attenuates metastasis through activation of cytotoxic CD4 T cells.

Nat Commun · 2025 · PMC12623787 · PMID 41249783

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a small trendno p-value reported

PDL1 levels were unchanged but there was a small trend towards increased levels of CTLA-4 (Supplementary Fig. 9D, E ).

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a weak trendno p-value reported

The underlying reason needs to be further studied, but interestingly, it aligns well with our Olink analysis, which shows reduced levels of circulating PD-L2 and a weak trend towards lower levels of PD-L1 upon propranolol treatment.

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