Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.

Notably, in this study, encephalitis and/or neuronal necrosis were almost always associated with multi-organ involvement, and although no statistically significant relationship was found between brain lesions and necrotic and/or inflammatory lesions in other organs (pancreas, spleen and heart), likely attributed to the sample size, a p -value close to significance was obtained in a Fisher’s exact test.

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