Examination of the toxicity of a new group of <i>Karenia papilionacea</i> isolated from the Yellow Sea, China, to multiple species of marine aquatic animals.

There is an increasing trend that more and more novel toxic and harmful species have been described, which cause HABs suddenly and draw great attention from the research community ( Benico et al., 2020 ; Cen et al., 2020 ; Gu et al., 2022 ; Hu et al., 2021 ; Wolny et al., 2025 ).

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