Unpacking equity trends and gaps in Nepal's progress on maternal health service utilization: Insights from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (2011, 2016 and 2022).

From 2011 to 2022, there were increased institutional deliveries overall (47% to 81%) and CS within private HFs (30% to 51%), alongside a decreasing trend in the utilization of maternity incentives (87% to 78%).

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There was an increasing trend of delivery in private HFs with higher odds of childbirth in provinces with better socioeconomic development indicators (e.g., Koshi and Bagmati, and provinces that cover the Terai region, such as Madhesh and Lumbini), and among relatively privileged women with single or no marginalization.

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