A systematic longitudinal study of microbiome: integrating temporal-spatial dimensions with causal and deep learning models.

g__Lachnospira’s abundance has been confirmed to be significantly reduced in CD patients [ 53 ], and we observe a decreasing trend in its causal effect, which may be associated with its reduced presence in disease progression.

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The p__Proteobacteria shows an increasing trend of causal effect in UC patients, which is also consistent with the previous findings that the alleviation of UC symptoms may be achieved by decreasing p__Proteobacteria [ 50 ].

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