Comparative investigation into the immune efficiency of the single intradermal and intramuscular delivery of foot-and-mouth disease inactivated vaccine in swine.

Significance levels: *, P valu e < 0.05 was considered statistically significant; **, P value < 0.01 was very significant; ***, P value < 0.001 was statistically highly significant; ns, P value ≥ 0.5 was not statistically significant. 3 Results 3.1 Adverse reactions after immunization and impact of two different immunization routes on anti-FMDV specific antibodies in pigs To characterize the immune responses to two different immunization routes, we collected peripheral blood on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 dpi, measured FMDV-specific antibodies, performed gene expression analyses, and assessed key immunological parameters of B and T cell-specific responses ( Fig. 1 A).

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