Mitochondrial Imaging and Transcriptome Analysis of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Osteogenesis Under Different Culture Conditions.

The concurrent enrichment of these three functional axes is highly significant, as successful bone regeneration in vivo relies on the tightly coupled processes of osteogenesis [ 31 ], angiogenesis (to supply nutrients and oxygen) [ 32 ], and appropriate immune modulation (to coordinate the inflammatory phase and subsequent healing) [ 33 ]—a concept often referred to as osteo-angio-immune coupling.

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