highly significantp < 0.0001
The highly significant adhesive effect F 3,24 = 31.37 , p < 0.0001 demonstrates substantial differences among adhesive means beyond random variation.
The highly significant adhesive effect F 3,24 = 31.37 , p < 0.0001 demonstrates substantial differences among adhesive means beyond random variation.
Power analysis indicated that with the observed standard deviations (0.13–0.30 MPa) and four replicates, the study achieves sufficient statistical power (β > 0.80) to detect differences of 0.5 MPa between adhesive means, which represents a practically significant performance difference (>10% relative change).