Walrus Optimization-Enhanced ResNet-50 for AI-Driven Renal Malignancy Prediction with Occlusion Sensitivity-Based Interpretation.

Conversely, Log Loss, which quantifies prediction uncertainty, exhibits a decreasing trend, with WaOA ResNet-50 having the lowest Log Loss, signifying more confident and accurate predictions.

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MCC, which measures the overall quality of classification considering true and false positives/negatives, shows an increasing trend across the models, with WaOA-optimized ResNet-50 achieving the highest MCC, indicating superior predictive reliability.

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