highly significantp < 0.0001
Experimental results Protective effects of pre-administered anticholinergic and anticholinesterase drugs against different snake venoms This study investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of anticholinergic and anticholinesterase drugs against different bungarotoxins and other neurotoxin-rich snake venoms, yielding the following key results ( Fig 1 ): For γ-bungarotoxin: Pre-administration of scopolamine and neostigmine methylsulfate conferred highly significant protective effects ( Fig 1A & 1B , p < 0.0001), whereas bethanechol chloride and pilocarpine hydrochloride showed no protective activity ( S1A Fig ).