Cytotoxic and oxidative effects of commercially available propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG): Common humectants in electronic cigarettes.

Toxicol Rep · 2025 · PMC12686725 · PMID 41377029

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

A decreasing trend in the cell count was observed upon treatment of U937 cells with 2.5 % of PG/VG mixture with minor variations amongst brands ( Fig. 3 c).

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Cytotoxicity of PG/VG Since PG/VG mixtures show an increasing trend in acellular ROS production, it may elevate protein oxidation products, leading to oxidative stress.

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