Societal crises disrupt long-term increases in stress, negativity, and simplicity in US Billboard song lyrics from 1973 to 2023.

We found a small, marginally non-significant positive period × time interaction ( β = 0.002, 95% CI [−0.000, 0.004], t (49) = 1.946, p =.059), a non-significant effect of time ( β = −0.001, 95% CI [−0.003, 0.000], t (49) = −1.605, p =.117), and a significant negative effect of period ( β = −0.073, 95% CI [−0.135, −0.012], t (49) = −2.402, p =.021) (Supplementary Table S6, Figure S4).

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We also observed marginally significant positive main effects of time ( β = 0.001, 95% CI [−0.000, 0.002], t (93) = 1.773, p =.080) and significant effects of period ( β = 0.168, 95% CI [0.055, 0.281], t (93) = 2.945, p =.004).

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