Addressing Outcome Reporting Bias in Meta-Analysis: A Selection Model Perspective.

This can be motivated by scenarios where ORB results from prioritizing more impactful or clinically relevant findings in a published study [ 33 , 34 ], leading to only highly significant outcomes being reported.

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The bias decreases as the true treatment effect size μ increases, which aligns with existing literature [ 7 , 12 , 18 ] and prior exploratory analysis [ 35 ]; as treatment effect increases, results are more likely to be significant and are thus less prone to ORB.

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