highly significantp < 0.001
A significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted, with p < 0.05 indicating a significant difference, p < 0.01 indicating a highly significant difference, and p < 0.001 indicating an extremely significant difference. 3 Results 3.1 Morphology, swelling properties, adhesion, twisting, bending, and detachment behavior of the hydrogel 3.1.1 Macroscopic and microscopic morphologies The lyophilized BP-QS/TGF-β3 powder appeared light yellow in color, while the hydrated hydrogel was transparent and formed a homogeneous, bubble-free elastic solid after gelation ( Figures 2A-1, A-2 ).