Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive and Physical Interventions in Cognitive Impairment: A Network Meta-Analysis of Immersion Level Effects.

Behav Sci (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12730044 · PMID 41463954

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0600

closest p · 1.2× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

a positive trendp = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

DST-Forward Regarding short-term memory span (DST-forward), conventional meta-analysis showed a positive trend for partially immersive VR (Group B) over active controls (Group C) (n = 55; SMD = 0.87, 95% CI [−0.03, 1.78], p = 0.06; I 2 = 60%), while fully immersive VR (Group A) did not significantly differ from passive controls (n = 370; SMD = 0.13, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.34], p = 0.20; I 2 = 0%) ( Figure S9 ).

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marginally significantno p-value reported

Fully immersive VR showed a marginally significant benefit over passive controls (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [0.01, 0.45]).

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