highly significantp < 0.001
As demonstrated in Figure 10 , following a 24 h exogenous ABA treatment, a substantial and highly significant accumulation (paired t -test, p < 0.001) of total flavonoid content was observed in safflower, with a notable increase from 0.56 mg/g DW to 1.39 mg/g DW, representing an approximate 2.5-fold enhancement.