highly significantp = 0.001
The three planting modes showed significant separation at different levels, and the PERMANOVA test showed highly significant differences between groups (ASV level: bacteria: R 2 = 0.801, p = 0.001; Fungi: R 2 = 0.658, p = 0.002; Genus level: bacteria: R 2 = 0.823, p = 0.001; Fungi: R 2 = 0.782, p = 0.001).