Harnessing piezoelectric stimulation to modulate PI3K-AKT signaling for intervertebral disc regeneration.

Corresponding FCD measurements demonstrate a decreasing trend in FCD values as degeneration severity increases, confirming that the loss of FCD correlates closely with degeneration grade ( Fig. 2 G). 2.3 Characterizations of the piezoelectric hydrogels To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of our novel GF piezoelectric hydrogel, FF piezoelectric crystals were fabricated and subsequently integrated into a hydrogel ( Fig. 3 A).

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