<i>Clostridium butyricum</i> alleviates multiple myeloma by remodeling the bone marrow microenvironment and inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway through the gut‒bone axis.

Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and has shown an increasing trend in incidence globally with aging and improved diagnostic techniques. 1 Despite significant advances in treatment, MM remains the leading cause of death among hematological cancers, contributing to more than 100,000 deaths annually. 2 Characterized by the massive proliferation of malignant p

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