The mediating role of negative parenting styles between maternal depression and young children's emotional competence in China: a multi-group analysis of gender and sole status.

1 ) showed that maternal depression had a significant positive effect on negative parenting styles (β = 0.64, p < 0.001).Concurrently,negative parenting styles had a significant negative effect on toddlers' emotional competence (β = −0.51, p < 0.001),while the direct effect of maternal depression on emotional competence was marginally significant (β = −0.12, p = 0.055).To test the significance of the mediating effect,we used the bias-corrected bootstrap method with 5000 resamples to generate 95% confidence intervals (CI).The results showed that the indirect effect through negative parenting styles was −0.33,95% CI [−0.42,−0.23].As the confidence interval did not include zero,this indirect effect is statistically significant.

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