In fact, Aβ 42 concentrations showed a decreasing trend from pre-MCI to MCI and AD-dem, in line with the concept of a progressive accumulation of Aβ deposits in the brain and with reduced Aβ 42 CSF levels in MCI and AD patients [ 88 – 90 ].
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Plasma extracellular vesicles and phosphorylated tau 181 as early biomarkers of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's dementia.
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NfL concentrations showed a marked increase in AD-dem patients compared to all groups and in MCI compared to CTRL, particularly in the mdMCI condition, showing an increasing trend that reflects the sensitivity of plasma NfL to correlate with the ongoing neuronal degeneration, although in our cohorts NfL was not effective in discriminating individuals in the presymptomatic and prodromal stages [ 56 , 57 ] (Fig. 1 a and Supplementary Fig. 3, see main text and Additional file 2).