Different coffee consumption patterns affect HbA1c via propionic acid-producing gut microbiota.

NPJ Sci Food · 2025 · PMC12789558 · PMID 41354663

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Coffee with added sugar showed a significant positive correlation with Bifidobacterium (IVW method: OR = 1.56, 95% CI : 1.05-2.33, P = 0.03) and a borderline significant negative correlation with Veillonella (IVW method: OR = 0.65, 95% CI : 0.423–0.99, P = 0.05).

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