Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Polysaccharides protects against diabetic nephropathy via alteration of PI3K/GSK-3β/Nrf2/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and gut microbiota.

Nat Prod Bioprospect · 2026 · PMC12790561 · PMID 41518482

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highly significantno p-value reported

Intergroup comparisons revealed that compared to the Control group, the DN group exhibited significant or highly significant reductions in Firmicutes abundance, accompanied by significant or highly significant increases in Actinobacteria , Bacteroidetes , and B/F ratio.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Studies report an increasing trend in the B/F ratio in the gut microbiota of DN patients and rodent DN models [ 44 ].

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