Physiological framework for non-invasive detection and objective nociception activity in communicative patients: a pilot case study.

Front Physiol · 2025 · PMC12807932 · PMID 41550380

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

For Patient 18, both models show highly significant causality (very large F -statistics and p < 0.001 ), indicating that changes in Δ T robustly precede changes in pain scores.

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