Advancing AI-based clinical decision support for complex interventions requires an operationalized framework.

2 This burden is further intensified by longer life expectancy—a positive trend that, while welcome, also contributes to population ageing and the rising prevalence of chronic disease. 3 Interdisciplinary treatment (IDT), a complex intervention defined by multiple interacting components, integrates physical activity, education, cognitive–behavioral therapy, and pharmacological strategies. 2 It remains the most comprehensive approach for managing chronic pain. 2 However, its long-term effectiveness remains uncertain.

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