Measurement, spatiotemporal evolution, and obstacle factor diagnosis of new quality productive forces in China's leading TCM manufacturing enterprises.

In Model 2, which controls for year effects, the impact of technology-driven factors remains positive (coefficient = 0.001, p < 0.1), and digital applications continue to exhibit a highly significant positive effect (coefficient = 0.0004, p < 0.01), suggesting their robust and positive role in promoting NQPF.

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1 (b), the Gini coefficient for leading TCM enterprises in the eastern region fluctuated between 2015 and 2023, with relatively large intra-group disparities overall, though showing a decreasing trend in recent years.

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