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Trends in body mass index and energy intake with and without biomarker calibration in the USA and Japanese National Nutrition Surveys.

J Nutr Sci · 2026 · PMC12823207 · PMID 41573235

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an increasing trendno p-value reported
( 7 , 8 ) In contrast, we hypothesised that the calibrated EI would show an increasing trend over the past few decades by attenuating the estimated underestimation of EI in self-reported dietary assessment of individual characteristics such as BMI.

also in 63,971 other papers

a decreasing trendno p-value reported
Data from national surveys conducted in both Japan and the USA have reported a decreasing trend in EI assessed using 24 h-diet recalls (24HR) and dietary records (DR) over the past few decades.

also in 47,180 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.