highly significantp < 0.001
Structural equation modeling further revealed that tree mycorrhizal dominance and microbial biomass were the primary factors alleviating microbial nutrient limitation: microbial biomass and mycorrhizal dominance showed significant negative effects on vector length (path coefficients −0.71 and 0.33, p < 0.01), whereas mycorrhizal dominance exerted a highly significant positive effect on vector angle (path coefficient 0.70, p < 0.001).