DNA damage-inducible transcript 3-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress drives manganese-induced apoptosis in bovine testicular Leydig cells.

15 , 16 A study on roosters revealed abnormal ultrastructural changes and apoptosis in testicular tissues after treatment with Mn, a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and a decreasing trend in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities. 17 While other species models have shown Mn-induced apoptosis via oxidative stress, the specific mechanism in ruminants remains unclear.

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RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the DDIT3 gene, associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, exhibited highly significant differential expression.

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The results showed that interfering with DDIT3 significantly downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Caspase-3 and BAX ( P < 0.01), while the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 showed an increasing trend ( Figure 8 b-d).

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